In the context of the digitalisation of the economy, the requirements users place on the results of financial analysis are changing, which necessitates the development of its methods. The article examines the shortcomings of the traditional approach to calculating average values based on balance sheet data, which are formed using only two data points — the beginning and end of the year. It is shown that the average annual values calculated in this way may not reflect the economic situation of the organisation, especially when the analysed indicator changes frequently and significantly.

The objective of the research is development of an alternative methodology, which implies the use of a weighted chronological average calculated with high time accuracy (up to seconds), facilitated by modern information accounting systems. The concept of a «balance of average values» was introduced, which is a report in the standard balance form, in which the weighted chronological average per second (WCAS) indicators are reflected. This can significantly clarify the results of analytical calculations, including indicators of turnover, profitability and business activity, and it can also expand the possibilities of a more accurate assessment of the financial condition of the reporting organisation. The use of the proposed methodology is especially relevant for external reporting users and creditors who need a reliable assessment of financial risks. The article provides an example of a calculation based on real organizational data, demonstrating a significant discrepancy between the results obtained using the traditional and proposed methods. The work is aimed at increasing the transparency and analytical value of reporting in the context of digital transformation.

The findings may be useful for specialists in the field of finance, accounting and digital analytics.

The article analyses the problems of applying IFRS 13 “Fair Value Measurement” in the context of closed markets and forced relocation of property in the Russian Federation after 2022.

The purpose of the study is to identify methodological limitations and adaptations of the fair value concept in the context of systemic market distortions caused by sanctions pressure, regulatory measures, and limited liquidity. The work used regulatory documents on IFRS, analytical reports from regulatory authorities, case studies from the Russian market as well as statistical and legal data that reflect the current economic situation.

It also uses the following methodological approaches: a critical analysis of IFRS provisions; a regulatory review of Russian legislation; and a comparative analysis between initial fair values.

The results of the study show that observed transactions in current conditions often do not meet the definition of “conventional” transactions, which makes it impossible to use them for determining fair value. This necessitates a transition to level 3 data, increasing uncertainty in assessments and requiring a high level of professional judgment. Measures such as mandatory discounts, exit taxes, temporary asset management, and currency restrictions significantly influence valuation methods. The study revealed that measures such as mandate discounts, exit taxes, temporary asset management and currency restrictions have a significant impact on assessment methods. The authors proposed specific adaptation methods for traditional approaches, which include adjusting discounted cash flow models and accounting for premiums for political and country risks.

In conclusion, the authors find it necessary to revise the traditional understanding of fair value in the context of an unstable and regulated market environment.

This article presents the findings of a study based on original accounting records belonging to the renowned merchant and philanthropist Francesco Datini (1335–1410). Particular attention is devoted to the procedures for creating profit reserves in the accounting books of the Pisa branch and to the allowances for doubtful accounts and the accounting for pledged assets in the Avignon branch. The article aims to promote further research in the field of accounting history in general and medieval accounting practices in particular.

The objective of the article is to develop the main distinguishing features of the model of reporting for an economic entity on sustainable development based on the requirements of stakeholders.

The methodology based on the systems approach employs general theoretical research methods: abstraction and concretisation, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison and contrasts, etc. The article systematizes approaches and indicators, the structure of the model and the assessment of the sustainable economic development of the subject.

The findings defined by the authors, contain five key sections included in the sustainability-reporting model for economic entities, as well as key performance indicators for implementing the stakeholder approach.

Relevance. According to official reports, hundreds of Islamic financial institutions are currently operating with a total capital of over 200 billion USD and the annual growth rate of the assets of these institutions is from 10 to 15 percent. The regulations governing Islamic financial institutions in each country is different. For this reason, some international organisations have been established with the aim of developing integrated standards and strengthening precautionary regulations in these institutions.

The objective of the article is to examine the nature of extensible precautionary standards, risks and regulations of Islamic financial institutions. In addition, it analyses requirements of capital adequacy, the licensing process, and the impact of market regulations.

Practical implications: the authors of the research propose a structure for the Islamic financial industry that facilitates to develop this industry within the framework of fundamental principles and precautionary risk management and helps to optimise its regulations. 

The process of introducing dynamic models of intersectoral balance into the practice of strategic management of integrated structures is likely to be hampered by the insufficiency and fragmentation of traditional accounting systems. Existing methodologies often do not provide consolidated data on cross-sectoral flows, investment lags and resource dynamics, which limits the efficiency of control and reduces the quality of decisions made. A critical element for the practical implementation of a dynamic model of intersectoral balance is a system of accounting and analytical support, designed to transform financial, management and statistical accounting data into formalized input parameters of the model.

The purpose of the study is to develop a conceptual framework for the aforementioned system and methodological provisions for its construction.

Methodology: in the course of the work, methods of system and comparative analysis, economic and mathematical modeling, as well as an abstract-logical method for formalising the requirements for accounting systems were used.

The theoretical basis of the study was the works of domestic scientists in the field of intersectoral balance, and its object was integrated structures.

The results of the work consist in the construction of architecture for a system of accounting and analytical support of a dynamic model of intersectoral balance, including modules for collecting primary data, their transformation into model coefficients, as well as verification and visualization of the results. The article defines key accounting objects, data sources and their aggregation principles. It also indicates that the integration of the model with accounting systems based on big data technologies and digital twins allows for moving from retrospective control to predictive analysis and operational management of imbalances. The proposed system is designed to ensure the practical feasibility of the model, increasing the reliability of strategic forecasts, the validity of investment decisions and the effectiveness of operational control over the implementation of production programs in integrated structures. 

The relevance of the study of various types of business models of pharmaceutical companies and monitoring of ongoing changes is related to the high importance of the industry for ensuring technological sovereignty and increasing the competitiveness of Russia in the global economy. The Pharma 2030 strategy is aimed at sustainable development of the pharmaceutical industry, eliminating dependence on imports, creating sustainable pharmaceutical clusters of their own production of strategically important drugs, entering new export markets with advanced drugs.

The purpose of the research is to substantiate the approach to monitoring changes and assessing various types of business models of pharmaceutical companies from the standpoint of their risk resistance during the transformation of the Russian economy. The study is based on such methods of analysis as assessment of development trends in the pharmaceutical industry, including state support, analysis of business models using the example of representative companies, identification of their competitive advantages, key risks and threats to sustainable development.

The scientific findings of the study may be of practical interest to the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia, the Industrial Development Fund, and associations of pharmaceutical manufacturers, since it enables to evaluate successful functioning of the sectoral industry in accordance with the criteria of sustainable development (operational efficiency, innovation and investment activity, efficiency for key stakeholders) and assess prospects for the development of industry business models focused on sustainability criteria in this domain, as well as the need to adjust the strategy of the industry.

The purpose of the study is to analyse the regulatory framework and established practices to ensure risk-based planning of internal audit activities.

The subject of the article is to determine the importance of continuous risk analysis and coordination of activities with providers of assurance services to shield the greatest number of risks and areas of high significance in driving business value and sustainability.

Findings. The article describes the planning tools of risk-based internal audit that provide an opportunity to effectively allocate resources and maximise alignment with strategic objectives and stakeholder expectations.

The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the trends and factors that determine the consumer behavior of the population of the Russian Federation and its regions in 2018–2023, to identify disproportions and justify the directions of socio-economic policy aimed at improving the living standards of the population.

Methodology of the research relies on a system of statistical methods, including time series analysis, structural, index, variance, and correlation analysis. The coefficient of variation and the coefficient of stock differentiation are used to assess regional inequality.

The results demonstrate the following findings: despite the outpacing growth of GDP per capita over the period, the growth rate of consumer spending lagged behind the dynamics of average per capita income. A steady decrease in inter-regional inequality in the consumption of the population of the regions of the Russian Federation has been established. It has been determined, that territorial affiliation is a key factor for about 50 per cent of the variation in consumer spending.

Practical implications: the study can be used to develop the measures of socio-economic policies aimed at reducing regional income inequality of population, stimulating consumer demand, and improving quality of life indicators by means of increasing real incomes and optimising the structure of consumer spending.