The tax burden on the real sector of the economy and the income of the population in any country is the most important indicator of the prospects for business development and the attractiveness of living in it. Economic theory offers various interpretations of the category of tax burden and methodological approaches to the quantitative measurement of its magnitude. Its calculation at the micro, meso and macro levels today is contradictory to determine the indicator that is at the basis of the relative intensity value (as tax burden presentation): GDP, the total turnover of organizations and individual entrepreneurs for the current (reporting) year, revenue from sales at the institutional level, profits from sales and financial and economic activities before taxation, etc. The author considered the category of tax flow, built its index model, based on recommended using the dynamics index the tax burden assessment at all levels of analysis variable tax burden with the construction of factor indices of structural shifts and changes in the tax base, rates, benefits, prices and the range of sold products. The research considered the development of an information-logical scheme for implementing a flow model of the tax burden for various levels of analysis. Also, the author presented the results of a structural and dynamic analysis of the magnitude and sectoral structure of the tax burden in Russia for 2006–2020 and made forecasts of its level up to 2022 research development prospects.

The paper considers the foreign direct investment (FDI) in the capital of Russian companies in the regional context. The subject of the research is the problem of collecting and unification of the information on attracted investment volumes for subsequent macroeconomic analysis. Within the framework of the study, the authors used such general scientific methods as systematization, induction and deduction, synthesis, as well as structuraldynamic and other types of analysis. The problems of attracting FDI in the economy and their uniform distribution across the regions of the Russian Federation currently remain relevant, and the structure of incoming FDI is highly deformed with a pronounced concentration of most of them in a limited range of regions with a strong geographic and sectoral uneven distribution. The results of the study, which have theoretical and applied significance, can be used for the investment attractiveness of Russian regions.

The article discusses the development of non-financial reporting of companies in the oil sector from the standpoint of increasing stakeholder interest in non-financial information itself and the need for its consistency and comparability. We analyzed the standards for the formation of non-financial reporting used by organizations in the oil industry because of the most significant impact of their activities on climate change. We considered 12 global companies included in the Oil and Gas Climate Initiative (OGCI) and three Russian companies as a factual basis for the study. As a result of analyzing the main non-financial reporting standards used by the oil sector organizations, we identified the most and the least popular reporting standards. It substantiated the reasons for the choice of certain non-financial reporting standards and the need for the transition of the system of non-financial reporting of oil companies to a unified format.
Methods of analysis, comparison and description of non-financial reporting standards created by oil companies became the methodological tool for conducting the study.

The article deals with the problem of standardization and unification of corporate reporting to generate reliable, transparent, high-quality information for stakeholders. In this case, the author used methods of logical analysis and generalization, logical and content analysis of reporting standards of Russian companies for distinct types of activity. During the study, the author identified a new content and basic principles for the development of an internal corporate reporting standard for a commercial organization. Also, the author formulated her position on the need for formation of named standard and indicated the advantages of its development. Application of this standard will create a unified methodological approach to the preparation of integrated corporate reporting; comply with the rules of internal requirements of interested users of corporate reporting; provide additional internal control over the main performance indicators of a commercial organization in the context of activities and check the quality of the entire organization; make the technology of generating integrated corporate reporting of commercial organizations more rational.

The economic activity of an organization is always associated with different types of risks. Financial statements serve as an information base for their identification, assessment, and control over their level. Almost all known risks affect the reliability of financial and completeness of non-financial reporting. Today the issues concerning approaches to assessing risk situations, ways of reflecting information about them in the reporting of companies remain topical. The emergence of new types of risks poses new challenges for business entities. It includes reducing or avoiding negative consequences from the onset of risks; unification of information about them in financial and non-financial reporting; search for methods of evaluation, control, and management of their new types. During the study, the author conducted a bibliographic study of the economic literature in the field of disclosure of information about risks in reporting, using methods of generalization, systematization, grouping, analysis, and synthesis.

The tax system of any country as a tool to fill the budget is never static, constantly subject to development and improvement, so it is relevant to study and apply its progressive elements used by different states. The subject of the study is the current tax transformation in Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and its task is to study and apply its results, since the pandemic particularly affected the economies of developing countries. Countries of South America have been actively pursuing tax reforms since the middle of the last century, but localizing the effects of COVID‑19 requires tax changes in this area at the present time. The tax transformation in Brazil has involved a tax on dividends, capitalization of accumulated profits and dividends paid in kind, corporate income tax and corporate reorganizations. The tax transformation in Argentina also takes place in terms of income tax (restrictions on depreciation payments, permanent establishment), but there are also areas, such as tax haven policy, capital gains tax on non-residents of Argentina, and taxation of controlled foreign companies. The author carried the research on using general scientific methods of analysis, comparison, and deduction. The results of the study of tax transformation in South American countries can, considering the specifics of our economy, find practical implementation in the tax’s improvement system in the Russian Federation. Thus, it is proposed to adapt the following tax instruments in order to localize the effects of COVID‑19: tax loss carryforwards, deduction of R&D expenses.

Chinese experience attracts more and more researchers from all over the world, as the country has convincingly demonstrated economic success in recent decades. This study was carried out using methods of observation, sampling, grouping, systematization, comparison, generalization. The theoretical and practical materials in Chinese, Russian, and English were explored using a historical approach. the author highlighted the main milestones in the development of the national economy during the Ming dynasty (early, middle, and late periods) and noted their features. The principal normative documents regulating the statistics of the national economy and accounting have been brought in, including the “Laws of the Great Ming Dynasty.” The basics of state management of statistical and accounting work, based on the activities of six ministries, are considered. The practical significance of the work lies in highlighting the methods of analysis of demographic statistics, including “Hute” checkpoint system, accounting methods through the Yellow and White Book, “Baojia” accounting system, “Qianliang Zhangbu” accounting and reporting system using a “four-column ledger”, as well as the basics of property inventory. The article presents the research, ideas, and practical recommendations of such Chinese outstanding thinkers and scientists as Qiu Jun, Zhang Jiuzheng, Xu Guangqi, Lu Xiangsheng.

This research describes and analyzes the auditing markets of two world powers, such as Russia and China. Russia has studied the concept of the development of auditing activities. This concept assumes the formation of a system for the development of the audit services market in Russia, which has unrealized opportunities for its improvement, considering modern realities. The article considers the current state of affairs in the industry, the existing legal framework, analyzes the role of the state in the market’s development for audit services in the country. The paper also presents the postulates of auditing in China, whose standards are closest to international norms and guidelines in several important aspects. In addition, China has developed a state audit using an executive regime. As a result of the study, the author revealed the relationship between the audit index and the fact of corruption, and proposed possible key directions for the development of the audit markets in Russia and China. Since audit is becoming an important area of world activity, contributing to the development of the economy, the purpose of this study is to identify the features of the development of the audit markets in Russia and China, its object is the audit market, and the subject is audit activities in these countries.