Relevance. In today’s world of digital economy, capital investments are the element of paramount importance for successful functioning of enterprises. Regular capital investments inspire the interest of investors and partners in the activities of the companies, and this in turn can contribute to the growing financial independence of the company and increase the company’s competitive advantage in the market. Due to the fact, that capital investments are closely related to long-term investments in the company’s activities and its stable development, their accurate and reliable accounting is an important component in ensuring its economic security. By making capital investments in the modernisation of its own assets, in modern innovations, the entity increases its defiance to various external threats. Besides, the use of digital tools in their accounting allows reducing risks and strengthening the efficiency of their management. The objective of the given research is to analyse the existing methodology of capital investment accounting, identify typical risks arising at various stages of the investment cycle and recommend effective IT-tools for identification, assessment and minimisation of these risks. The methodological framework covers accounting theory as well as risk assessment and mitigation strategies in the digitalization era. The results of the study highlight the peculiarities of capital investment accounting and represent a holistic system of risk assessment arising in the context of investment activity and introduction of information technologies. This creates an opportunity for the implementation of an integrated approach to managing the economic security of the organisation in the process of capital investment accounting and contributes to the creation of conditions for its sustainable development.

The relevance of this article is to focus on identification and description of the problems of accounting regulations for enterprises in the non-financial sector of the Russian Federation. The problems have arisen as side effects of accounting reform based on the use of international financial reporting standards for the development of domestic standards. For this purpose, the legislation of the Russian Federation, documents in the field of accounting regulation and other regulations have been studied. The inconsistencies have been established between the regulations of governing accounting and the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as contradictions between various documents, and controversy within the texts of a particular document. Research results. The article revealed the use of regulations that were not included in the legally established list of types of documents governing these social relations in the Russian Federation. The research work also indicated incompleteness of regulations in terms of aspects critical for accounting in the Russian Federation. Practical implications. The article indicates the main reason for these problems: the incorrect use of the provisions of supranational regulatory acts in the development of domestic equivalents, as well as the shortcomings of these acts. As a follow up, it defines the further research directions related to formulating a complex of measures to resolve the specified problems and overcome their negative consequences, in order to achieve the purposes of sustainable development.

The relevance of this study deals with the fact that public joint-stock companies have been preparing financial statements in accordance with international standards for many years. However, it is the concept, which evaluates administrative and economic operations at fair and market value, allows users to assess the status of enterprises and holding companies in accordance with economic conditions of the market. Federal Accounting Standard (FAS) 14/2022 “Intangible Assets”, which was mandatory, adopted starting from January 2024 in the Russian Federation, significantly changes the accounting rules, adapting them to  IAS 36 “Intangible Assets”. Although, some significant issues are still pending. The purpose of the study aims to analyse the innovations in Russian accounting system and their compliance with international standards, as well as to estimate the impact of these changes on commercial enterprises. In recent years, the Russian accounting practice has undergone significant changes aimed to be harmonised with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The introduction of new federal accounting standards, among which was Federal Accounting Standard (FAS) 14/2022, related to the accounting of intangible assets, has become one of the key elements of this transformation. It deserves special attention. This article examines the impact of these innovations on accounting processes in commercial enterprises, it compares Russian and international standards, determines key issues and provides practical recommendations. The fundamental methods of the study employed are grouping, synthesis and comparison, as well as analysis and synthesis with implication of structural approach, systematic and logical analysis. The results of the research are offered in the form of practical recommendations for commercial enterprises that maintain financial records in accordance with Federal Accounting Standards (FAS) and Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). They also contain explanations of elements of Federal Accounting Standards (FAS) 14/2022. These results will be useful for accountants and financial specialists, as well as for students and university tutors interested in the current trends in accounting and financial reporting. 

The article is devoted to the study of decentralised finance (DeFi) as a new stage of digitalisation of the financial sector, characterized by the rejection of centralised intermediation in favor of protocol-controlled mechanisms. Unlike previous FinTech trends, such as P2P lending, crowdfunding and neobanks, DeFi involves the elimination of organisational structures as bearers of trust and their replacement with self-executing smart contracts. The purpose of the study is to consider DeFi not as another technological solution, but as an institutional form that changes ideas about the structure of financial intermediation, principles of trust and the possibilities of compatibility with the banking system. The methodological base of the article is based on institutional analysis based on the study of the characteristics of subjectivity, distribution of responsibility, sources of sustainability and regulatory mechanisms in FinTech models and DeFi protocols. Based on a comparative analysis of the stages of digital transformation, the differences between DeFi protocols are revealed in the parameters of the center of responsibility, system compatibility, identification principles, risk resistance and potential consistency with supervisory mechanisms. The article shows that DeFi cannot be viewed as a linear continuation of FinTech. The exclusion of traditional participants from the financial service chain poses the task of rethinking the legal, organisational and economic categories on which the functioning of the modern banking system is based. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying institutional differences between FinTech and DeFi not only in terms of technological features, but also in the structure of subjectivity, risk distribution, formalisability of obligations and the possibility of interaction with banks. It is concluded that the spread of DeFi does not require the adaptation of existing supervisory instruments, but the development of new institutional regulatory strategies and forms of interaction with centralised financial institutions.

The relevance of this research work of accounting methodology is determined in the context of increased requirements on behalf of stakeholders for information reporting on financial statements. Due to intensive development of social policy, companies actively implement corporate pension programmes, which require proper assessing and timely recognition of pension liabilities in accounting. The purpose of this research work is to identify and analyse problematic aspects of accounting for social commitments to employees, particularly, corporate pension programmes, as well as to develop a methodology for generating accounting information about this group of corporate commitments. The methodological basis for the given research work includes systematic and dialectical approaches, along with such a set of general scientific methods of cognition, as observation, systematization, comparison and generalisation. The given article considers domestic and foreign norms of accounting regulations related to employee remuneration, including payment after the termination of labour activity. In order to analyse practical aspects of this topic, the author used the actual reporting data of several largest Russian enterprises in the mining and metallurgical sectors. The findings of the study reveal the insufficiency of regulations on accounting for pension liabilities in the Russian accounting system. The article substantiates the need to refine on the rules for recongnising and assessing pension liabilities, and it suggests the ways to improve the quality and reliability of accounting information used for reporting purposes in accordance with Russian accounting standards.

The article deals with the problems of instrumentalisation of the function of on-farm control of consumption of material resources in the production activities of industrial enterprises. Structural changes in the external and internal markets caused the volatility of the cost of purchasing and procurement of materials, significant adjustments in their nomenclature and methods of economic interaction of organizations in the real economy sector with counterparties. Under these conditions, a request was formed by corporate management to adapt the techniques and methods of practical implementation of the above function to the changed economic environment, including the development and implementation of tools for the effective use of control results in the process of managerial decision-making. The latter determined the purpose and objectives of the research presented in the article, for which the methods of classification, observation, decomposition, measurement, economic interpretation, graphical visualization and statistical analysis were used. It is proved that the systematic use of explanatory and evaluating tools for processing the results of on-farm significantly increase the efficiency of corporate management of material resources, allow us to productively solve the problems of ensuring economical and rational spending of the latter.

The primarily purpose of internal auditing is to help companies to achieve their goals and improve their performance. Internal auditors must obtain the necessary knowledge and competencies to assist economic entities meet new challenges, such as import substitution, as well as related to it, new construction and productivity growth. The objective of this study involves the examining of opportunities for expanding the capacity of internal audits in activities of companies and studying the resources available to internal auditors, including their knowledge, skills and experience aimed to enhance the efficiency and development of both individual business processes and enterprises’ activities, as a whole. In the course of the research work, the author employed general scientific methods of cognition: observation, analysis and generalisation. Within the framework of the topic under consideration, the article provides practical examples and the effects of transitioning from classical to modern internal audit, in view of current challenges and trends. At the same time, the research work determines the necessity of observing basic internal audit principles, such as independence and objectivity. The results of the study are intended for a whole variety of readers, such as the experts in the field of internal audit, internal control and risk management, as well as top managers and owners interested in improving the company’s efficiency.

The relevance. Optimization of the state’s regulatory and legal policy in the field of internal control and internal audit undoubtedly involves large-scale work in a risk-oriented environment, which is impossible without a chronological analysis of the development of the systems under consideration. What makes it difficult largely in the circumstances of an inter-sphere imbalance turns out to be the necessity to search for alternative ways of further development not only at the micro level, but also on the scale of the national economy as a whole. This makes financial market regulators, government structures, practitioners to study comprehensively the evolutionary transformations of both domestic internal control and audit, as well as foreign experience. The objective of the research is to analyse in the context of the historical development of such responsibility centers as internal control and internal audit. It is the chronological aspect, that becomes one of the most powerful resources for the development of qualitatively new tools to improve business efficiency, in the context of the ongoing ideological fatigue of the existing paradigm. The methodology is based on historical and chronological research, the method of modeling and systematisation. It is proved that a close correlation of the functions performed by the internal control system with the elements of corporate governance provides an enhanced impact due to the interchange between the methods, procedures, and technologies used in the implementation of managerial functions. The authors suggested the concept, that global triggers will lead to the subsequent prospects for the transformation of internal control, evident in transformations in regulation, unification of control systems. They will partly depend, first of all, on the further epidemiological situation (which has caused a severe disturbance in every sphere of public life), rapid development of IT technologies together with the escalation of information security threats, risks, as well as global geopolitical instability in general. Research results provided scales for the development of internal control for global and domestic control systems, which clearly correlate with the ongoing changes in economic systems.

The article is devoted to the Saratov’s Accounting, Analytic and Control Scientific School, to those scientists and teachers who stood at the origins of the foundation of the Saratov School of Accounting, Economic Analysis and Auditing and to those who currently maintain its glorious traditions in training highly qualified specialists and instructing the younger generation. The purpose of the research work is to present the history of the formation and development of the Saratov school of accounting, economic analysis and auditing, to emphasize the role and importance of scientific schools in the development of applied scientific research, improving the quality of education, research activities and the training of highly qualified specialists. In the course of the research work, the following methodology was used, namely: philosophical and general scientific methods (dialectical method, methods of systemic and structural-functional analysis, concrete historical and comparative methods); empirical methods (use of statistical data, analysis of regulatory legal acts and documents); theoretical and methodological analysis of literature; statistical and sociological analysis. Such approach enables to consider the scientific school as a social institution and general models to show the influence of variable social factors on its development. The results of the research are intended for a wide audience of readers, including the tutor’s staff of higher educational institutions in Saratov, who have devoted their lives to work in the education system, scientific research, education of young scientists and training highly qualified specialists; as well as scientific researchers who have made a significant contribution to the formation of the Saratov School of Accounting, Economic Analysis and Auditing.