The article is devoted to the problem of forming a unified conceptual model for the application of professional accounting judgment. The model takes into account not only the concept, but also the prerequisites, conditions of application and the process of judgment developing along with non-standard situations on which an accountant can express his competent opinion. The methodological framework of the study is based on the scientific developments of domestic and foreign scientists regarding the classification of professional accounting judgments and their comparative characteristics. The research methodology provides for the systematization of types of accounting judgments that affect the financial and economic activities of the organization. The result of the research is the development and justification of the author’s classification of accounting judgments singling out such classification features as organizational and legal form of a business, type and scope of economic activity, financial condition and accounting standards applied, which makes it possible to determine the purpose of professional judgment of an accountant. The further specification of classes and the development of classification features of professional accounting judgment will result in perceiving this category not only as a tool for solving applied accounting problems, but also as a conceptual platform built into the structure of accounting theory. The proposals based on the study are intended for effective use of accounting judgments as a comparatively new accounting and reporting tool to generate accounting and analytical information by the specialists of accounting departments of different organizations. The system of classification decisions will most fully define the role and designation of accounting judgments in accounting practice.

The article is devoted to the study of the mechanism of budget accounting to combine the fixed assets of the same type into one inventory item. It provides the analysis of advantages and disadvantages of this mechanism. The methodological base of the study includes the theory of accounting for fixed assets in state funded institutions. The analysis proves that the combination of fixed assets in a single inventory unit reduces labor costs for their accounting because the write-off of any out-of function fixed asset making part of such combined accounting item involves its decomposition and recording as separate fixed assets with individual inventory numbers. The article considers the structure of accounting records of fixed assets of the same type, proposes a modified template of an inventory card of group accounting (form 0504032) and an example of how to fill it in. It also provides recommendations on improvement of the accounting of such fixed assets to be used in the preparation of new norms in accounting for state funded organizations.

The paper provides an overview of the main stages and types of exploration works for solid minerals according to the current regulatory documents of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation, and also considers the features of accounting for these works in conformity with the requirements of RAS 24/2011 “Accounting for the costs on exploitation of natural resources”, IFRS 6 “Exploration and Assessment of Mineral Reserves” and IAS 36 “Asset Impairment”. According to the results of a comparative analysis of RAS and IFRS, assessment of the methods for reflecting exploration work in the accounting of mining companies, an analysis of their impact on management decisions by stakeholders is carried out. The theoretical and practical significance of the study is to justify the need to develop an alternative methodology for accounting and presentation of accounting information on the results of exploration, based on a phased increase in the reliability of knowledge about subsoil areas. The study is primarily interest to government agencies for improving the legislative regulation of accounting, credit institutions and mining companies in conducting investment analysis of customers and partners.

Nowadays international medical tourism is getting increasingly popular in Russia. The number of companies specializing in outbound tourism is growing every year despite the tightening of the Government requirements to them. The paper focuses on the comparative analysis of the main costs in the formation of a medical tourist product, as well as the current financial situation of the company on the example of a travel agency LLC “Medical Treatment Abroad — LEZARD”. The methodological basis of the study is the matrix of financial strategies of Franchon and Romanet. There are three main indicators of the matrix being used as the calculation parameters: the calculation of financial activity, economic activity, financial and economic activity of the company. The authors tried to give a conclusion about the prospects for the development of the subject according to the analysis results of the company as well as nationwide. The paper formulated some guidances how to expand the range of the company’s products in order to maximize profits and possible bankruptcy of the company. The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in the fact from the analysis results make it possible to forecast concerning the future stability and financial sustainability of LLC “UCIC Treatment Abroad”.

Nowadays the role of accounting in managing the economy of businesses is increasing. Accounting is one of the main information sources for making managerial decisions in organizations. However its current model calls for improvement of accounting of production capacity of economic entities namely accounting of fixed assets. The article aims at substantiating and developing the recommendations on how to improve the organization and methodology of fixed assets accounting. The existing legal norms and rules make the methodological basis for the study. The general scientific methods of comparison, deduction, analysis and synthesis are used in the study. The critical analysis of existing regulations on accounting of the fixed assets reveals substantial drawbacks related to accounting of fixed assets at the end of the normative useful life if these assets are still used in production; costs of fixed assets modernization and costs of their major repair. The author makes certain proposals on the amendment of existing rules of fixed assets accounting in order to make the reporting of the economic processes in this area more realistic and transparent. These proposals should be considered in the first run by the specialists in accounting methodology when developing a new standard.

Ensuring the economic security of an economic entity, as a state of its protection from the threats to sustainable development, is an important component of business in modern conditions. Losses, when viewed through the lens of the economic security — are expenses that occur in the present and are caused by certain factors that can be eliminated or prevented. Thus, in the future, excluding losses means protecting businesses from the threats of unreasonable expenses that slow down economic development. The article is devoted to the formation of information about the losses of an economic entity in accounting. The research methodology is based on a conceptual understanding of business losses, judging from the need to ensure its economic security and accounting capabilities. Basing on the analysis of the accounting financial statements of oil and gas companies, it was concluded that there is no available information about expenses that qualify as the losses of the company. The result of the study is the presented accounting method which is based on singling out the losses as a separate object of accounting. The proposed method, when applied in practice, will allow the economic security service of an economic entity, which has full information about the losses provided by the accounting department, to develop measures to minimize losses or prevent them.

Qualitative representation in the accounting space of economic and legal characteristics of various events and objects is currently the problem that has not fully been resolved yet, despite the action in Russian and international accounting practice of the principle of priority of content over the form. The article is devoted to improving the veracity of accounting information about forest resources used in the logging business on lease terms. The methodological basis of the study was the conceptual framework of IFRS, the provisions of Russian accounting standards, as well as the postulates about accounting as a means of modeling the economic activity of any organization and the mandatory relationship of the form and content. The use of methods of historical actualization, analysis, comparison, synthesis, modeling, analogy and generalization provided an opportunity to develop an approach that allows you to reach a compromise in the accounting reflection of the economic content and legal form of lease relations in the logging sector. The result of the study was a refined accounting interpretation of the economic essence of the lease agreement for logging. The theoretical significance of the study is to justify the need to re-qualify the relationship between the state and the logger. The practical application of the proposed recommendations will improve the quality of the indicators generated by the accounting system, provided to all categories of users.

Over the past few years the popularity of blockchain technology has grown significantly. It is able to make change as the economic environment, as also identifying new approaches to business management. The paper is devoted to innovative aspects that appear and have a tendency to develop in the field of accounting and audit due to the blockchain technologies development. This technology can affect entire industries, and especially the financial sector. The decision to use blockchain in combination with appropriate data analytics can help in accounting processes, as well as in conducting daily transactions involved in the audit. The transition to a financial system with a significant element of the blockchain opens up many opportunities for the profession of an accountant and the skills of the auditor will be focused more on concerning issues of a higher level. The methodological base of the study includes the theory of accounting and auditing, as well as the principles of operation of blockchain technologies in the aspect of their application in finance. The study overviews the main trends in the development of blockchain technology in accounting and auditing based on foreign scientific studies, as well as reviews of blockchain practices in articles by various scientists. The result of this research is an analysis of blockchain technologies in the finance field. The study depicts conclusions about the degree of applicability of this technology in the Russian Federation, reflects the main problems, risks and benefits from the introduction of this technology. This paper may promote an interest to the current professionals in the accounting and auditing field, as well as to professionals working in the range of building data exchange systems between employees involved in working with finances.