Today, there is a high demand to analyze the costs of organizations associated with and divided by enlarged functional areas such as management automation, personnel management, training, recruitment (hiring), environment and ecology, logistics, innovation, compliance, and many others. At the same time, the set of practices related to the preparation and use of functionally identified cost data is currently characterized by the problem of fragmentation and lack of consistency: the practices are mainly focused on individual management needs associated with a single functional area and are not universal. It seems important to synchronise the approaches applied to cost analysis in different functional areas and to propose a universal toolkit to systematise the existing practices of such analysis within a single area of investigation. In this regard, the subject of the study is the set of tools for structural cost analysis by functional areas. The objective of the study is to disclose and to substantiate the functional area as an applied object of cost accounting and analysis and to propose applied tools for providing functional cost area analysis synchronised with the modern management needs, as well as to develop universal approaches to their structural analysis based on the needs of modern management. As a result of the study, a systematized vision of information-analytical support for functional area management is proposed and systematised. A scheme is shown for using information on the functional area costs in the context of its components in various dimensions and levels of management. A universal structure of the analytical cost cube is proposed. A consolidated functional area cost report is proposed, with providing the detail rules how to calculate its structural indicators; the universal structure of the consolidated register of the costs grouped on functional spheres in several applied dimensions is developed; the structure of the consolidated report on costs of functional sphere with detailing of rules of calculation of included in it is presented. A system of coefficients is proposed, including the coefficient of the function burden on the enterprise economy, coefficients of the internalization (vertical integration), centralization and rootedness of the functional sphere.

The objective of the study is to justify the prohibition of discounting deferred taxes by harmonising their essence with the concept of fair value. The work is theoretical in nature, standard scientific methods have been used, including the collection of theoretical information, formalisation, as well as analysis, synthesis, observation, and comparison. This article summarizes the results of research in the field of deferred tax discounting over the past 60 years and attempts to reconcile the essence of it with the concepts of fair value. The issues of deferred tax discounting have long been the subject of scientific research and still remain unresolved. In the second half of the twentieth century, the key problem was the choice of an acceptable discount rate against the background of lack of understanding of the essence of deferred taxes. Subsequently, the vector of research has changed towards determining the economic value of deferred taxes without reference to the theory of deferred taxation. The author proved that under the concept of fair value, deferred tax liabilities (DTL) do not need to be discounted because the assessment takes into account the minimum economic benefits generated by the asset as of the reporting date and under prevailing market conditions. It is shown that the balance sheet reflects the theoretical relationship between deferred tax liabilities and current income tax liabilities. The conclusion is made about the modifiability of deferred tax liabilities into current liabilities in terms of static accounting ideology while observing the going concern principle. The problems of applying valuation at fair value measurement that does not take into account the current tax position of the organization; as well as the place of deferred taxes in the capital accounting equation are raised. The results of the research have theoretical significance and can be used within the framework of improvement of the accounting legislation.

The article is devoted to non-financial reporting (NFR) and problematic aspects of confirming its quality, truthfulness and, most importantly, the objectivity of the NFR. Despite the fact that there is an increase in the number of organizations that are compiling the NFRs, the information there does not inspire confidence in a reasonable user. There are at least two aspects: the first is the reliability and validity of the information presented in it, and the second is the problem concerning its assurance, which arises due to both the standardisation of the reporting itself and the procedure for its verification. The purpose of the study is to develop an understanding by the state, business, and society of the degree of public necessity of the NFR, as well as the existing experience and possibilities of its regulation and verification. In the process of the research such general scientific methods of cognition as systematic approach, logical generalisation, legal and linguistic analysis, and hypothesis were used. It is possible to overcome many problems of the NFR by standardising the procedures for its preparation at the international level, while the problems of verification of the non-financial reporting can be identified separately, since it can be carried out not only under the auspices of the International Federation of Accountants, which follows from the combination of IFRS — ISA, but also by professional communities, as well as directly interested companies and their associations. The EU experience is interesting, which has advanced the regulation of the NFR and its authorisation to a new level, however, there is doubt about whether the NFR is really necessary. For the Russian Federation, NFR data can be compiled at all levels of the country’s economy and management within the framework of statistical accounting, if the problem of determining the real consumer and operator (administrator) of such information is solved. Data verification can be carried out within the framework of statistical accounting, which correlates with accounting. To this end, it is possible and necessary to create domestic standards for auditing statistical reporting, which, by the way, is not certified by anyone, but trust in it is invariably higher than in the NFR, precisely due to consistency with accounting (financial) reporting.

The article examines the problem of identifying the crypto wallet of an audited organization, which is becoming increasingly important and relevant as crypto economy develops. Companies that conduct transactions with crypto assets are chosen as the objects of the analysis. The number of these companies is constantly growing due to the promotion of a completely new sector of the economy — crypto economy. In addition, the shares of these companies are traded on global financial markets, and the problem of auditing their crypto assets is becoming one of the most difficult within traditional auditing procedures. The aim of the study was to develop an audit methodology for the identification of business entities’ cryptocurrencies. The author of the paper presents the cases of refutation and rejection of the recognition of crypto assets along with the required list of auditor’s actions. The article raises the issue of «toxic» crypto assets, which in the near future may become a big problem for companies using them. Companies within the framework of absolutely legal activities may receive assets of illegal origin, which may subsequently not be recognized as part of the audit and not be included in the total amount of the assets of the organization. Based on such cases of rejection (denial of ownership and affiliation), criteria for the recognition of crypto assets have been developed. As a result of the study, a methodology for conducting the necessary auditing procedures is proposed, based on the auditing of assets using blockchain technology, which makes it possible to identify crypto assets operating in blockchains both with and without the presence of smart contracts. The methodology at this point in time is sufficient to carry out the procedure for the recognition of any crypto assets of the audited organization. In the course of the study, methods of synthesis, analysis, induction and abduction were used.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the problems associated with the way internal control and financial auditing are organised in budgetary and public sector organisations. The authors show that internal control, as a process of interrelated actions, ensures risk reduction in the course of achieving the desired results of the institution’s activities. The level of internal control is assessed during the activities carried out through the Federal Treasury and State (municipal) financial control and internal financial audit. The article describes the procedure for the development of the Regulations on internal Control; reflects the main distinguishing features of internal control and internal financial audit; a classification of violations (risks) of budget (accounting) accounting and reporting has been formed, as well as the procedure for drawing up an audit opinion. The study shows that in order to quickly find problem areas and make management decisions based on the identified factors, it is necessary to strengthen electronic SMART control (controlling), accounting for public finances, and, accordingly, conduct comprehensive scientific research in promising areas. Methods of systematisation, comparison, grouping of the information were used in the preparation and writing of the article. The practical significance lies in the application of conclusions and proposals made on the results of the study to improve internal control and audit, which will allow interested users to obtain more reliable and understandable information to make management decisions based on it. The article is intended for a wide range of readers, undergraduate and graduate students dealing with the problems of internal control.

One of the most important areas of verification during auditing a bank is the audit of the funds placed in loans. The purpose of the audit is to confirm the accuracy of the information in the reports. The article deals with the problems of auditing the accounting of cash loan transactions. Taking into account that one of the objectives of the audit is to confirm the reliability of data in the accounts, the change in requirements for the formation of information on loans issued in the conditions of applying international accounting standards (IFRS) has predetermined the very need to expand and change accounting policies in this matter. It should set out how and when to determine and how often the fair value at which a loan should be measured should be reassessed. The transformation in the requirements for the formation of information in the accounting of loans issued by the bank, associated with the application of international accounting standards for financial instruments, predetermined the need to expand and change the accounting policy in terms of loans issued. In particular, the loan should be measured at fair value, therefore, the accounting policy should establish the procedure and methods for determining the fair value and the frequency of its revaluation. The procedure for recognizing and accounting for income and expenses related to credit transactions has changed. The article discusses methodological recommendations for the formation of an accounting audit program and accounting policy in relation to the bank’s credit operations in the light of the requirements of international standards. The purpose of this work was to form a methodology for auditing the accounting of credit transactions. As part of the study, the author proposed appropriate methodological recommendations that can be used in the development of accounting policy provisions, methods of internal control and audit of credit operations in conditions of modification of domestic accounting and application of international accounting standards, as well as in the training of specialists in accounting, internal control and audit. In the course of research, methods such as systematic analysis and logical generalization of legislative and regulatory documents, as well as special literature dealing with the audit of credit transactions were used. The proposed methodological recommendations for audit of credit operations can be used by auditors as well as by internal control and accounting service of the bank for analysis of accounting policy and its adjustment. The results of the research can be recommended for the development of accounting policy provisions, internal control methods and audit of credit transactions, in the conditions of modification of domestic accounting and the application of international reporting standards, as well as used for training specialists in accounting, internal control and audit.

The annual growth in the number of sole proprietor, especially in the field of online trading on marketplaces, reflects the relevance of the chosen topic. The existing legal features of sole proprietors, as well as the real needs for certain accounting and other information, reveal the need to improve accounting systems. The purpose of the article deals with the analysis of existing approaches to the integration of accounting systems in order to adapt them to the needs of individual entrepreneurs engaged in online trading on marketplaces. The analysis of the literature confirms that research on improving accounting and analytical systems is aimed at large industrial enterprises or small businesses in the form of legal entities and is based on the principles of accounting financial accounting, which significantly complicate the structure of systems. Most scientists offer various solutions for integrating business processes of management and accounting process and this approach is optimal for sole business management by an sole proprietor. The solutions proposed in the literature related to the integration of management business processes and accounting process stages are more optimal for sole management of a business, but require a number of refinements. The purpose of this study is to improve the accounting and analytical systems (AAS) of large industrial companies or small businesses and sole proprietors in the field of online trading on marketplaces and is based on the principles of financial accounting, which complicates the structure of AAS. Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of existing accounting and analytical systems allowed the author of the study to recommend sole proprietors or individual entrepreneurs to integrate management processes and stages of the accounting process in online trading on marketplaces to simplify their structure. The main methods used in the study are the analysis and synthesis of the existing literature, comparison of existing systems. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that the introduction of existing alternative integrated accounting systems is not advisable for sole proprietor due to the specifics of the business, the advantages and disadvantages of the existing accounting systems are reflected, the integration of business management processes and stages of the accounting process in the field of Internet trading on marketplaces is recommended in order to simplify the structure of the accounting system under sole management, and also clarified the structure of the accounting system with a strategic orientation for sole proprietor. The results of the study of improving accounting systems for sole proprietor in the field of online trading on marketplaces can be used to create an alternative ERP-system for sole proprietors and government recommendations for keeping the records of sole proprietors. Further research may be devoted to clarifying the indicators of the accounting and analytical systems of sole proprietors from the position of assessing their effectiveness.