The article is divided into two parts “Classification of Financial Control and Audit in the Russian Federation” and “Standardization of Financial Control and Audit in the Russian Federation”. The first part of the article proposes a classification of financial control types in the Russian Federation by sectors of economy (public and corporate). The analysis of the laws and regulations of the Russian Federation permits the author to single out objects, subjects and elements of all financial control types in the commercial sector. The article reviews different viewpoints on interpreting such notions as “corporate financial internal control”, “internal management control”, “internal audit” and substantiates the special position and features of external audit in the national system of financial control. The second part of the article provides a classification of standards of public financial control developed by International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI) by how detailed they are. It analyses to what extent these standards are implemented in Russia and reviews the key international standards on the models of internal control in a company (COSO, COBIT, ITIL, etc.). In addition the author offers a classification of standards of auditing, provides a review of international audit standards and the evolution of national audit standards in the Russian Federation and finally describes the standards on the activity of self regulatory organizations of auditors and corporate internal audit standards.

Introduction, Purpose. The current stage of development in accounting is characterized by the methodological fragmentation of accounting theory, poor link between accounting theory and the development of social sciences, inability of accounting to cope with challenges of modern economy. These may be a reason for denial of scientific foundations of accounting theory. The purpose of the article is to provide a systematic analysis of the contemporary academic papers devoted to the problems of the development of accounting theory and methodology of accounting in order to formulate a structural-logical model for the development of a level of particular theoretical schemes of accounting. Methods. In the study the author applied the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, generalization, and a systems approach. Results. The article provides the results of analysis and systemization of modern problems in accounting theory. The author considers the transformation peculiarities of methodology of accounting as a social and applied science, makes a proposal about how to organize research in the field of accounting theory in accordance with the Academician V. Stepin concept of scientific knowledge organization and formulates a structural-logical model of development of accounting theory concepts as a level of particular theoretical schemes. Discussions. There is a need for a further scientific discussion of ideas about the types of accounting as particular theoretical schemes based, on the one hand, on accounting theory, and on judgments and postulates taken from related fields of social sciences, on the other hand.

Introduction, Purpose. This scientific research is relevant because there is a need for an in-depth study of the methodological aspects of human capital accounting under conditions of assets investment in human resources. The purpose of the study is to develop methodological provisions for human capital accounting under conditions of assets investment in human resources. To achieve this goal it was necessary to do the following: • to study the essence of human capital and human resources in order to clarify the conceptual framework and assess their role under conditions of innovative development of organizations; • to develop an algorithm for effective economic calculation of the cost of depreciation of human resources and the accounting aspect of recording it in production costs; • to develop the methods of human capital accounting under conditions of assets investment in human resources on the basis of modern information technologies. Methods. In the research the following general scientific methods of cognition were used: induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, generalization of theoretical and factual material, observations, comparison, analogy, and graphical methods of data interpretation. These methods were helpful in developing a number of human capital accounting modules which make the basis for the methodology of human resources accounting including human resources which as an asset of the company human resources are subject to systematic accounting; the choice of valuation and revaluation of human resources in the accounting system; the choice of the method of calculating depreciation, the grouping of costs in human resources accounting and the choice of the method of accounting for the financial result from the functioning of human resources in the company. Results. The research resulted in the development of an algorithm for the economic calculation of the cost of human resources depreciation based on the period to obtain the value added from the sales of production involving human capital, as well as the accounting aspect of its recording in production costs, bringing the value of human capital to zero at the end of the reporting period. Discussion. From the perspective of a differentiated approach to the human capital accounting under conditions of investment, the proposed methods will make it possible to develop a methodology for the objective calculation of the financial result from involving the potential of human resources.

Introduction, Purpose. Economic crisis and an aggravation of a political situation make economists consider the matters of business management improvement in interrelation with such categories as “economic security”, “tax security”. However, most theoretical and methodological issues researched belong to macro levels (the state, the region). Problems of managing security of an entity are less studied. Still problematic remain such issues as uniformity and consistency of terminology and the choice of effective tools. Practical recommendations aren’t fully adapted to specific objectives and functions of management. The purpose of the article is to substantiate and develop recommendations on methodological support of tax security control within the system of internal control of an organization using risk-focused approach. The objectives of the study are the following: to expand the subject area of internal control to ensure the security of business and its sustainable development; to make the critical analysis of various points of view; to justify the authors’ understanding of the essence of tax security; to define goals and objectives of managing tax risks in the system of internal control. Methods. Problems of assessment of sustainable development of the organization and tax risks management have specified the methodological approaches to the research which are based on the analysis of provisions of legislative, legal and normative acts in audit and control, academic papers of domestic and foreign authors. Systems and risk-focused approaches, techniques of comparative analysis, synthesis, induction form the basis for the theoretical conclusions and practical recommendations on internal control. Results. The article provides the authors’ understanding of such categories as “economic security” and “tax security”. The objectives of the system of internal control (ICS) ensuring tax security are formulated. The authors develop the recommendations on how to assess the efficiency of ICS of an organization in decreasing the consequences of tax risks impact. Discussion. The results of a research can be used for further development of theoretical provisions of audit and financial control as areas of scientific knowledge, for making the practical recommendations covering a wide range of unresolved problems, in particular, on the choice of criteria and indicators of tax security, creation of the models adapted to various organizational forms of business, industries, etc.

Introduction, Purpose. Currently, in practice, there are often disputes between tax authorities and economic entities regarding the collection of insurance premiums. Among the causes that give rise to them, an important place is occupied by separate provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, which allow an ambiguous interpretation of their content by each of these parties. This article was created in order to eliminate this “discrepancy”, which determines its relevance and practical significance. Methods. During the research, the author used various methods of cognition (comparison, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, logical and systemic approaches, etc.) and information sources (normative acts, special literature). Results. The article gives a critical assessment of certain current regulations in the field of collection of insurance premiums from the economic entities. Their flaws were analyzed and practical recommendations were given to eliminate them. In particular, it was justified to make changes and additions to the procedure for calculating insurance premiums: regarding the value of gifts transferred under a gift contract to the employees of the company; and regarding the amount of loans debt waived, that was previously issued to the employees of the company; and regarding the payments to the employees who are on the leave to care for a child under 3 years of additional benefits to the already established. It is also recommended to revise certain provisions related to reporting on insurance premiums. Discussion. The implementation of these proposals in practice has fully matured. It allows you to save the business environment from unnecessary litigation in the sphere in question and the irrational spending of funds for conducting such cases.

Introduction, Purpose. The article deals with the accounting for revaluation of property, plant and equipment. There are two accounting procedures for that: the current one running in 2017, and the one to be introduced in 2020. The article aims to acquaint the professional community with the pending changes in the Russian accounting regulatory system. Methods. In the study, we used methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, analogy, and the ascent from the abstract to the concrete. The Russian Accounting Standards, International Financial Reporting Standards, and the Draft Federal Accounting Standard “Property, Plant and Equipment” are the research source data. Results. We made the analysis of the accounting for revaluation of property, plant and equipment in accordance with: 1) Russian Ministry of Finance’s regulatory documents, which are operating in 2017; 2) Draft Federal Accounting Standard “Property, Plant and Equipment”. We revealed the discrepancies between actual accounting rules for revaluation of property, plant and equipment and the ones planned for introduction. We provided an example of the accounting for revaluation of property, plant and equipment in accordance with the Draft Federal Accounting Standard “Property, Plant and Equipment”. Discussion. The accounting procedure for revaluation of property, plant and equipment proposed in the Draft Federal Accounting Standard “Property, Plant and Equipment” complicates to some extent the domestic methodology of accounting for fixed assets as this procedure assumes variability of the methods used and using the accountant’s professional judgment in choosing them. The results of the research could be used in further discussion of the Draft Federal Accounting Standard “Property, Plant and Equipment” and in training accounting practitioners and instructors in the medium tеrm.

Introduction, Purpose. Accounts play a crucial role in modern accounting systems of all countries. They provide the most complete and reliable information both for generating financial statements and making the best educated management decisions. The new Moldovan General Chart of Accounts should help to achieve this goal, but it has significant shortcomings that adversely affect the quality and effectiveness of accounting and control processes, which underpins the relevance and practical importance of this article. Methods. The research was carried out by the author in the period from 2014 to 2017 using general scientific methods of cognition (comparison, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, grouping, modeling, logical and system approaches), methods of special economic sciences (documentation, double entry, accounts, financial statements, etc.) and various sources of information (normative acts, national and foreign specialized academic literature). Results. The article gives a brief description of the accounts and reveals the cause-effect relationship between accounts and accounting objects. The author coins a new concept of “operational field” and interprets its meaning. The article describes in detail the distinctive features of the newly introduced General Chart of Accounts and compares it with similar normative acts of the Russian Federation, the Ukraine, the Republic of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. The author critically reviews the basic methodological provisions of the General Chart of Accounts, makes and justifies a number of proposals for its further development in the context of the transition to the International Financial Reporting Standards. Discussion. The results of the research supplement and develop the conclusions of other academics. In the long term it is recommended to develop and implement a General International Chart of Accounts across the world, but various factors of political, financial, organizational-methodical and methodological nature makes it difficult.

Introduction, Purpose. The Activation of the innovative activity in an organization helps to increase the competitive strengths and advantages as well as to strengthen its market positions in the modern economic conditions. The improvement of the cost accounting of the innovative activity should contribute to the optimization of current and capital costs on different stages of an innovative product creation and provide different users with the objective and timely information about the innovative activity in order for them to take managerial decisions. Methods. The article provides specialists’ overviews about the definitions of innovative activity and current and capital costs formed in process of innovative activity as the subjects of accounting. The organization of accounting of economic operations connected with innovative activity depends on stages of life cycle of innovations created by the company. The article demonstrates the stages of consecutive development of an innovative product, starting with the creation of the scientific idea, and ending up with the commercialization of the innovative product. It formed the basis of the proposed scheme of correspondence of accounts. Results. The article demonstrates the methods for organization of accounting of different types of innovative costs formed during each stage of innovative activity, which allows to form accounting information with a reasonable degree of analyticity. Based on the recommendations by Russian and international documents which regulate the accounting of innovative activity using the complementary approach, the article suggests keeping detailed accounting of current and capital innovative costs by types of innovations, stages of innovative process, projects incurred by internal activities or external organizations. The article demonstrates the systematic correspondence of accounts of various economic operations in the process of innovative project realization, starting with primary costs and accounting of resources, and ending up with the formation of financial results. Discussion. Methodological and practical approaches about the organization of the accounting of innovative activity proposed in the article should contribute to the improvement of the accounting process and enhance to the quality of information support of managerial decisions in innovative companies as well as the growth of their efficiency and competitiveness.

Of auditing materials of the theoretical analysis, the methods of comparison were used, as well as the system and process approaches. As an information base there were used the financial reporting and the reporting in the field of sustainable development of Russian oil and gas organizations, which reflects the main results of the activities, including environmental and nature protection activity. Results. The results of the research are the systematization of the indicators that are required for use in the management of environmental activities of the oil and gas organization and are proposed for the inclusion in environmental performance reporting and the developed business-process audit-consulting model that meets modern management requirements. Discussion. The model is universal and can serve as the basis for the development of audit-consulting environmental activities of organizations of different sectoral focus to improve the effectiveness of management decisions based on the information received in the audit-consulting process.

Introduction, Purpose. Timeliness and Relevance. The present article considers the main directions and features of economic development of Europe in the V-XV centuries. In the article the attention is paid to the condition of agriculture, craft, trade as well as to the development of the cities, functioning of credit and registration and monetary systems. The purpose of the article is to show how feudalism turned from the economic set-up into a socioeconomic structure and the new way of production. Methods. In the article on the basis of the problem and chronological method the two stages of feudalism are considered: the genesis (the V-IX centuries) and the renaissance (the X-XV centuries). The research was conducted on the basis of medieval sources - the Salic truth, Charters of craft shops and merchant guilds, economic works by F. Akvinsky, the reports by Charles the Great’s capitulary, registration books of the Pontifical Household, Florence, Siena and “The treatise about accounts and records” by L. Pacholi. Results. At the end of the article, the conclusions were made that in the Middle Ages with its agrarian economy and the dominance of natural agriculture marketability signs were gradually emerging. The process of switching in a number of the West-European countries led to the liberation of the peasants and their transformation into payers of the fixed qualification tax. Monetary circulation having overcome the feudal fragmentation, returned to silver monometallism and the renewal of stamping and mining of gold coins. Single entry bookkeeping with its chronological linear record was succeeded by double entry bookkeeping. Discussion. The expiration date of the medieval period continues to remain a controversial issue. However, the most acute and debatable topic that needs further research is a problem of the use and applicability of the principles of double-entry bookkeeping in the cities of northern Italy much earlier than it had become the common property of the whole world.