The importance of digital strategic management development is confrmed by the growth of the information and communication sector of economy worldwide. The results of the survey of the companies digital transformation of companies nowadays show that new business models are formed on the digital platforms and are based on the processes of buying and selling not only goods and/or services but also the information about the customers themselves. The article proves that a digital platform as a technological exchange tool in modern economy provides for the intermediation processes, supporting coordination at the market and creating value added on the basis of digital cooperation. The authors develop a methodological approach to the increase of strategic management tasks effectiveness taking into account the confrmation of the needs of value added chain. This is achieved by creation of digital twins of business and technological processes which are realized on the basis of block chain technology or on the acyclic graph. Within the defned task for modeling it is technically possible to create the models which perform the operation-by-operation analysis of interaction in the value added chains. However the more effective way to model business activity is to use the process approach when a business process and a value added chain are completely identical with their digital twins. Digital twins permit to make a design and a model of value added functioning before launching a real business process which could greatly change the digital strategic management which is now still under formation. Such modeling of value added conform to market principles, and a digital platform by itself is not a replacement of the market but rather the most effective intermediary. The analysis of existing approaches reveals the following unsolved problems: frst, the absence of direct interconnection between the expenses on digitalization and the results received with the use of digital platforms, and second, information is not singled out as a separate expense category in cost accounting, management and control regardless of the considerable percentage increase of an enterprise expenses on cloud computing service and technology. The authors model the newly created value in digital environment by a) defning a service (not fnished goods) as an integrating element which is typical of digital economy; b) singling out the variants of market cooperation with the use of platforms on the basis of traditional contracts, agreements “by default”, registered users of the platforms, smart contracts; c) choosing basic parameters — investments in the capital which is aggregated by the process and the costs of operating activity participants (by technological limits) supplemented by semi fixed costs; d) using the concept of limits to represent operating activity which is sensitive to special features and proportions among separate stages of a technological process and introducing two information limits (“Data collection, storage and processing” and “Digital representation and market design”) which resulted in creation of the information and communication costs accounting object. The results of the modeling show that a coordination effect is in non-linear dependence on the share of the capital invested by the organizers of the process. This can be used in the search for optimal variants of cooperation platform design and for the investment proftability target management when forming value added chains.

The growth of the economy of an enterprise necessitates the use of risk-oriented approach to numerous management systems. Control is no exception. Risk-based control has risk management as a foundation. Risk management means taking risks into account and their analysis. An interesting methodological problem is to research the methodological opportunities to use accounting information in risk management in particular for risk identifcation, assessment and monitoring. The researchers use general scientifc methods of cognition such as systematic approach, logical generalization, legal and linguistic analysis, hypothesis. It is appropriate to identify the risks for all the levels of management and process. The processes at all levels are reflected in accounting. The idea is to extract the information necessary for business risk identifcation from the accounting data. The authors propose to use the Yuji Ijiri principle of triple accounting and to extend it to quadruple accounting. The proposed methodology is realized through automated information systems because the necessary detailing could be obtained by using computers. The main idea is that the change in capital is analyzed frst by changes in the balance sheet data and then by revenues and expenses. The results of calculations are presented in formats 1 and 2 accordingly. The results of capital factor analysis of capital due to changes in assets and liabilities are presented in format 3. The influence of changes of proft components on capital is presented in format 4. The results of the analysis are used to identify and make the primary assessment or risks. The proposed methodology of risk identifcation and their primary assessment makes it possible: 1. To use the data from accounting systems to identify business risks on systematic basis. 2. To ensure the comprehensive approach to risk identifcation. 3. To provide a mental representation of factors influencing the capital growth.

The classical approach to the problems of management and control of the functioning and development of business presupposes a relatively stable context, that is sufficiently long-lasting consistency of political, economic, social, technological and other conditions. Accounting and analytical support for management in this case is aimed at processes related to the fnancial, operational and investment activities of the organization. In recent years, the volatility of the business context has been continuously increasing and eliminating changes in the conditions of the organization’s functioning without threatening the economic security of the organization is becoming less and less possible. In the presented research directions of methodological development of accounting and analysis of the business context are determined, as well as the peculiarities of the content of these directions are analyzed. At the same time, it is taken into account that at present the assessment of the business context has become an obligatory requirement of various international management standards. To assess the possibilities of methodical expansion of accounting and analysis of the context, the main provisions of the theory of stakeholders, the theory of sustainable development, business analysis were applied. As a result of the research it was revealed that the processes connected with the formation of business potential aimed at increasing the resilience to changing the context, increasing the strategic security reserve of the organization, meeting the requirements of key stakeholder groups, are subject to systematic accounting, control and analysis. Accounting and analytical work in this direction will allow to create more advanced information and analytical support for the adoption of various managerial decisions, including decisions of innovative business change, timely implementation of preventive measures in connection with future changes in external operating conditions, decisions of effective interaction with internal and external interested parties. The results of the work presented and the prospects for its further development are closely related to the development of research in the feld of accounting and analysis in such areas as business analysis, the formation of standards of non-fnancial reporting, integrated reporting, the development of strategic management accounting, and others.

The progressive development of accounting in both theoretical and practical terms has an extremely complex historical and evolutionary character. At the same time, domestic periods have always been characterized by periods of both the strengthening of original national principles and their weakening. Therefore, it is very important to achieve harmonization of these separate aspects of comprehension of accounting science, allowing simultaneously to take into account not only national economic interests, but also to use the best world experience. The presented article is just considering these features on the example of the scientifc and teaching creativity of one of the outstanding representatives of the Moscow accounting school, G.A. Bakhchisaraytsev. Here it is necessary to take into account a different understanding of the accounting methodology that existed at that time in Russia. The generalizations and conclusions presented in the article make it possible to ensure a holistic perception of the preparation of accounting personnel, to prove the correctness of the consistent study of thematic materials that allow accounting to be considered as an informational reflection of a single reproduction cycle with the access to the system of the most important fnancial and result and exchange indicators. This approach is widely used in modern methods of teaching accounting. In addition, it is necessary to note the severity of the problem of training highly professional accountants, and in this respect, referring to the experience of G.A. Bakhchisaraytsev, we should remember the need for a high degree of responsibility for training accounting personnel. It emphasizes the exceptional importance of the continuity of training in accounting, including through self-education, which allows you to expand the range of professional knowledge, and thus increase the credibility and importance of the accounting profession.

The subject of the research is the process of ordering and conducting forensic accounting expertise taking into account the necessity of scientific basis for classification of forensic accounting expertise types. The increased requirements to detection of economic crimes necessitate the development of existing approaches to cooperation among all participants of forensic accounting expertise. The purpose of the research is to make a comparative analysis of classifications of forensic accounting expertise conducted in expert divisions of different law enforcement institutions focusing on delineation of tasks that an expert solves by expertizing. The authors analyze the requirements of laws and regulations on expertise activity, study the structure of forensic accounting expert institutions of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation and make a comparative analysis of types of forensic accounting expertise conducted in expert divisions of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. They single out the similarities and differences in the approaches to classification of types of forensic accounting expertise which are used by the law enforcement institutions to order and conduct expertise. The reform of federal executive power bodies transferred the functions of expert support of tax criminal cases to internal affairs agencies which resulted in its factual merger with accounting direction of forensic expert divisions of internal affairs agencies. Offence-related expert tasks can conditionally be divided into two blocks: • The first block — checking if recording transaction in accounts complies with legal requirements; • The second block — calculating indicators characterizing the factual circumstances of financial and economic activity which are of interest for investigators. Recently in criminal proceedings the term “distortion” has been gradually replaced by “compliance” (or incompliance) of recording facts of financial and economic activity with the legal requirements. Better scientific foundation, accuracy and a holistic approach to organizing, classifying and conducting forensic accounting expertise will create optimal conditions to uncover economic offences.

The global economic system is at the stage of its active formation and development. Its borders and conditions of existence are constantly changing, which is accompanied by crises, which affect the economic systems of all countries participating in the world economy. The current global fnancial crisis, which is global and systemic, revealed a lack of effective theoretical approaches to the development of practical methods for overcoming the crisis phenomena used in the management of integrated agro-formations. This predetermines the need to improve the system of global crisis management that contributes to an adequate response to crises and is based on innovative approaches and the application of modern concepts of sustainable development in order to ensure economic security. The globalization of the fnancial and food markets, on the one hand, allows the agro-holdings to compare and evaluate the effciency of investment simultaneously within the entire international economy; expand and strengthen the fnancing capacity of various economic projects. On the other hand, qualitative changes in the global economy are of a deep and risky nature, due to the rapid development of fnancial innovations, which leads to an insuffcient degree of development of the system of ensuring economic security of international activities of economic entities. As a result of the analysis of the activities of integrated agro-formations, the current trends in the development and functioning of agricultural holdings in the context of the global fnancial crisis have been revealed. The specifcs of ensuring sustainable development of agrostructures in the context of global crisis management are defned: soil-climatic, biological, ecological, technological, and organization of agricultural territories. A model for ensuring the economic security of the agricultural holding through a sustainable development strategy was developed and justifed, including the following elements: a mission, a goal and a system of balanced indicators. The decomposition of the activities of integrated agro-formation into groups of balanced indicators has been made: fnance, customers, internal business processes, training and development, competitors and on-farm decomposition system. The internal and external threats to economic security, which are the basis for the selected groups of the BSS (balanced scorecard system) for integrated agro-formations, are singled out. Fields of economic security of the agro-structure (critical, low, normal and high) are defned, as well as sustainable development strategies for each feld, allowing to move from a critical level of economic security to the high one.

The article deals with the major problems of sustainable and consistent development of small business in the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic (TMR). It is based on the results of a survey among the heads of small businesses and private entrepreneurs of the region. The subject of the research is topical because small business is an extremely important part of the economy of any country and the TMR is no exception. Small businesses and sole proprietorships possess a number of advantages over medium and large businesses though heads of small businesses and sole proprietors face certain difficulties. In order to study the problems of small business sustainable development there was drafted a questionnaire and a survey was conducted among the heads and employees of small businesses in the town of Rybnitsa. The methodology of the study includes the drafting of a questionnaire to cover a number of issues related to the subject of survey and surveying respondents individually and in person. The questions offered to the respondents were categorized as follows: introduction (age, gender, how long has the business operated in the market, etc.), body (problems of small business and ways of solving them, sufficiency of state measures of small business support from the respondents’ viewpoint), conclusion (assessment of business climate in the country and prospects of its improvement). As the result of the survey there were identified common problems and particular difficulties the small business of the TMR face, and also the directions of their elimination or minimization according to the representatives of small business opinion.

One of the characteristic features of twenty-year period of reforming the national system of accounting is that the new results of scientifc research opposing the principles of international fnancial reporting standards are not included in accounting practice. A false idea about the universal character of the IFRS, total conformism of accounting professional community and the shift to practically-oriented approach in the curricula of higher education institutions resulted in discrediting of accounting knowledge. Modern methodological approaches of economics in relation to accounting and fnancial reporting are inclined to consider the latter as applied secondary tool of generating fnancial information. From historical and objective point of view the very task of accounting was to provide such information that would aid in making educated and effective managerial decisions and later to increase or at least preserve the capital. Pursuing this goal the methodology (in addition to particular methods) has been going through changes depending on the goals set by the users of fnancial information. After the IFRS had been introduced the process of methodology transformation gained a one-way character — “everything should conform to the IFRS” —and consequently accounting as a tool which takes into account constantly changing goals, for example the goals set by the state, stopped working. This resulted in the compromise of accounting. In order to clarify the reasons of the above the article analyses the stages of the development of ideas, approaches and directions in economic theory, identifes its links with the evolution of science and retrospectively matches the peculiarities of the latter with such methodological directions of philosophy of science as nominalism and realism. The motivated rationale of the crucial importance to classify the stages of scientifc knowledge development determines the strategic choice of the methods of the research: deduction, information analysis; abstracting; dialectic logic of making conclusions and proposals. The result of the research is the rationale of the processes of historical development of accounting science, identifcation of logical correlation between the ideology of economic theory classical scholars and methodology of accounting knowledge. The author proposes to treat the contemporary history of the issue by introducing such terms as political and demagogical nominalism in conceptual construct.